Explanation
Relative Pronouns vs. Relative Adverbs Relative Pronouns: Replace a noun inside the clause (who, whom, whose, which, that, what, whoever). Relative Adverbs: Give information about place, time, reason, method (where, when, why, whereby, how). Preposition + which: Formal relative structure (in which, on which, at which, during which). Relative Pronouns Who: For people, subject of clause. Whom: For people, object of clause. (Test: replace with he/him or they/them). Whose: Shows possession for people, animals, things, ideas. Which: For things, animals, ideas, whole clauses. Common in nonessential clauses with commas. That: For essential information. Do not use commas with that. What: Means "the thing that". Creates a noun-like free relative clause. Relative Adverbs Where: Real places only. (Do not use for nonphysical nouns like situation, case, theory, process—use "in which" instead). When: Time expressions. Why: Reasons. Whereby: Method, system, process. Means "by which". How: The way something happens. Hidden / Omitted Relative Clauses Sometimes the relative word is omitted, but the clause exists. Example: The book [that] I borrowed was expensive. This happens with objects, time (when), and place (where). Reduced Relative Clauses A shortened relative clause where the relative pronoun and helping verb are removed. Passive: The article published in 2020... (Hidden: that was published). Active: Students seeking scholarships... (Hidden: who are seeking). Common Traps Using…