Explanation
A. Sentence Every sentence must contain: a subject, a verb, and a complete idea. A sentence can contain only one word (Go!) or consist of many complex clauses. B. Prepositional Phrases Begins with a preposition (in, on, at, from, with, for, by, under, over, near, through) and includes the noun/pronoun that follows. A sentence may include more than one prepositional phrase. They can appear after the verb, between subject and verb, or at the beginning. Important rule: A prepositional phrase cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. C. Pronouns as Subjects Common subject pronouns: I, we, you, they, he, she, no one, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, nothing, anything, everything. Group pronouns: none, one, each, every, any, few, both, some, several, many, more, most, others, all. Even if a sentence is unclear without context, it can still be grammatically complete (e.g., "It matters."). Pronoun + "of which" / "of whom" = fragment: Many of which are grown in greenhouses. (Dependent clause, not a sentence). D. Adverbs Modify verbs, adjectives, or entire clauses. Adding an adverb does not change whether a sentence is complete. E. Nonessential Clauses & Appositives Gives extra information about a noun, usually set off by commas. Example: The library, which was renovated last year, now attracts more visitors. Important rule: A nonessential clause or appositive cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. F. Participles and Gerunds Participles: Present (-ing) or Past (-ed/irregular).…